Investing Is Not The Same As Gambling

It’s the Monday following the second leg of the Triple Crown and a whole bunch of people lost money betting on the Preakness. Like the stock market, the allure of gambling is strong because many people think that having more money will solve most of their problems. And while there are some similarities between investing and gambling we should be clear that they are not nearly as similar as some people might believe.

First, some definitions:

Gambling is placing capital at risk in a zero sum game with an uncertain outcome in a system in which the odds are generally unfavorable over long periods of time.  Investing, on the other hand, is placing capital at risk in a positive sum game with an uncertain outcome in a system in which the odds are generally favorable over long periods of time.

One way to think of this is that the pool in a gambling game grows only because more people join the pool. The pool of money in a lottery drawing grows because the number of participants increases. On the other hand, the investing pool grows not because of new participants but because the value of the pool changes. The stock market does not increase in value because cash “flows” into the market or because new investors join the old. It changes in value because the actual assets get repriced to reflect changing expectations of future cash flows.¹

Now, technically, investing is spending for future production. Building companies, widgets, creating real value, etc. Investment is funded by issuing shares of stock or bonds.  Once those shares trade on the secondary market they are continually repriced by current participants based on whatever new buyers/sellers believe those shares are worth. The big difference between owning stocks and owning a horse betting ticket is that the stock is attached to something that has a high probability of being more valuable in the future – human output. The horse ticket, on the other hand, has a very high probability of being worthless in the future.  Of course, human output doesn’t grow over night so the shareholder who day trades or is excessively focused on the short-term, is doing something very similar to what the gambler is doing – they are gambling on the hope that someone will buy their shares at a higher price than what they paid.²