E How The Emerging Markets Troubles Are Transmitted Around The World

The IMF’s Managing Director, Christine Lagarde stated that “some emerging economies find themselves in precarious situations”, citing current account imbalances and a rising US dollar as the principal causes^[1]. The trade imbalances are growing in significance, ranging from just under 2% of GDP ( India) to 6.5% (Turkey). Moreover, the intensifying trade war between China and the United States threatens to have a negative impact on China’s growth which, in turn, will be felt throughout other Asian economies, given the extensive supply chains that exist throughout the region.

Figure 1 Emerging Markets Trade Deficits

But when economists speak of “contagion” they are more focussed on the capital flows involving the highly integrated financial links between the emerging markets and the developed economies. Trade adjustments are relatively slow compared to the speed with which financial capital can move across borders. It is estimated that since 2009, foreign capital flows into emerging market financial assets— debt and equity— have averaged around $1 trillion annually. It is widely agreed that the main source of these inflows has been accommodative monetary policy of developed-world central banks and the attraction of higher returns. It is further estimated that cross-border lending constitutes around half of the exposure of the U.K., European, Japanese and Chinese banks.

 At the time when emerging markets are most in need of foreign capital, creditors curtail lending to both emerging markets and advanced economies as they seek to rebuild capital and realign risk. In other words, risk, regardless of its regional location, is curtailed —- such is the nature of contagion. As concern worsens, creditors force investors to liquidate and repay debt, depressing asset prices and weakening emerging market currencies—-both resulting in further contagion.

 The risk-off nature in the emerging markets is clearly evident when one compares the behavior of their equity markets ( Figure 2). Since May these equity markets have been on a steady downward trajectory, as investors exit in response to the currency devaluations and poor returns. Asian equity markets are down for the last 10 consecutive days, marking the longest selloff in 15 years.